Complete References

Complete References for Stop Prediabetes Now

Because of space limitations, the book contains only some of the references. Here are most of the references used for the book.

Introduction

Anon. Belly fat good predictor of diabetes in men. Reuters Health news service, March 31, 2005.

Wang Y, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, et al. Comparison of abdominal adiposity and overall obesity in predicting risk of type 2 diabetes among men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2005;81:555-563.

Kerr M. Average American has very high risk of diabetes. Reuters Health news service, June 15, 2006.

Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, et al. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999-2004. JAMA, 2006;295:1549-1555.

Vasan RS, Pencina MJ, Cobain M, et al. Estimated risks for developing obesity in the Framingham heart study. Annals of Internal Medicine, 2005;143:473-480.

Anon. Obesity raises diabetes risk up to 80 times. Reuters Health news service, March 18, 2005.

Anon. Diabetes rate in US doubled in last 30 years. Reuters Health news service, June 20, 2006.

Fox CS, Pencina MJ, Meigs JB, et al. Trends in the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus from the 1970s to the 1990s: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation, 2006;113:2914-8.

Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, et al. Diabetes trends in the U.S.: 1990-1998. Diabetes Care, 2000;23:1278-1283.

Anon. 21 million Americans have diabetes, CDC finds. Reuters Health news service, October 27, 2005.

Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults. JAMA, 2002;287:356-359.

The 100 million figured was arrived at through simple calculations. According to census figures, The United States population includes 184 million adults. Two-thirds, or 121 million, of them are overweight. If you assume that 30 percent of them are overweight but not prediabetic, you are left with 85 million who are both overweight and prediabetic. In addition, approximately 63 million Americans are thin, but one-fourth (or more than 15 million of them) have insulin resistance, a sign of prediabetes, according to published research. Combining 85 million and 15 million adds up to an estimate of 100 million prediabetic Americans.

Fox M. Half of Americans will have pre-diabetic condition. Reuters Health news service, June 13, 2006.

Anon. 21 million Americans have diabetes, CDC finds. Reuters Health news service. October 27, 2005.

Anon. Expert sees obesity hitting US life expectancy. Reuters Health news service, February 3, 2005.

Reaney P. Diabetes heart risk ‘equivalent to 15 years aging.” Reuters Health news service, June 20, 2006.

Hedley AA, Ogden CL, Johnson CL, et al. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999-2002. JAMA, 2004;291:2847-2850.

Kim J, Peterson KE, Scanlon KS, et al. Trends in overweight from 1980 through 2001 among preschool-aged children enrolled in a health maintenance organization. Obesity, 2006;14:1107-12.

Li C, Ford ES, Mokdad AH, et al. Recent Trends in Waist Circumference and Waist-Height Ratio Among US Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics, 2006; 118: e1390-e1398.

Whitaker RC, Wright JA, Pepe MS, et al. Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. New England Journal of Medicine, 1997;337:869-873.

Schwimmer JB, Deutsch R, Kahen T, et al. Prevalence of Fatty Liver in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics 2006; 118: 1388-1393.

Narayan KM, Boyle JP, Thompson TJ, et al. Lifetime risk for diabetes mellitus in the United States. JAMA, 2003;290:1884-1890.

Duncan GE. Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose levels among US adolescents. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 2006;160:523-528.

Sinaiko AR, Steinberger J, Moran A, et al. Influence of insulin resistance and body mass index at age 13 on systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol at age 19. Hypertension, 2006;48:730-6.

Anon. Expert sees obesity hitting US life expectancy. Reuters Health news service, February 3, 2005.

Pereira MA, Kartashov AI, Ebbeling CB, et al. Fast-food habits, weight gain, and insulin resistance (the CARDIA study): 15-year prospective analysis. Lancet, 2005;365:36-42.

Bowman SA, Gortmaker SL, Ebbeling CB, et al. Effects of fast-food consumption on energy intake and diet quality among children in a national household survey. Pediatrics, 2004;113:112-118.

Austin SB, Melly SJ, Sanchez BN, et al. Clustering of fast-food restaurants around schools: a novel application of spatial statistics to the study of food environments. American Journal of Public Health, 2005;95:1575-81.

Anon. Fast food in children’s hospitals a bad lesson. Reuters Health. December 4, 2006.

Sahud HB, Binns HJ, Meadow WL, et al. Marketing fast food: impact of fast food restaurants in children's hospitals. Pediatrics, 2006;118:2290-2297.

Roberts S. Fatter, taller and thirstier Americans. New York Times. December 15, 2006:A18.

Sullivan R. Experts: global obesity wave rising. Arizona Daily Star (Associated Press), September 4, 2006:A1.

Hossain P, Kawar B, El Nahas M. Obesity and diabetes in the developing world—a growing challenge. New England Journal of Medicine, 2007;356:213-215.

Scilino E. France battles a problem that grows and grows: fat. New York Times, January 25, 2006:A4.

Hossain P, Kawar B, El Nahas M. Obesity and diabetes in the developing world—a growing challenge. New England Journal of Medicine, 2007;356:213-215.

Brody JE. As America gets bigger, the world does, too. New York Times, April 19, 2005:D5.

Sengupta S. Many young Indians are fat; more are famished. New York Times, December 31, 2006:A8.

Anon. Obesity is now a worry in Africa, the poster continent for hunger. Arizona Daily Star (Associated Press), November 30, 2006.

Fox M. More Americans too fat for x-rays, scans – study. Reuters Health news service, July 26, 2006.

Anon. Obesity operations jump in United States. Reuters Health news service, January 11, 2007.

Villareal DT, Miller BV, Banks M, et al. Effect of lifestyle intervention on metabolic coronary heart disease risk factors in obese older adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2006;84:1317-1323.

Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. New England Journal of Medicine, 2002;346:393-403.

Chapter 1

Zavaroni I, Bonini L, Gasparini P, et al. Hyperinsulinemia in a normal population as a predictor of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and coronary heart disease: the Barilla factory revisited. Metabolism, 1999;48:989-994.

Cleland SJ, Petrie JR, Ueda S, et al. Insulin as a vascular hormone: implications for the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 1998;25:175-184.

Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, et al. Obesity and the risk of myocardial infarction in 27,000 participants from 52 countries: a case-control study. Lancet, 2005;366:1640-1649.

Khaw KT, Wareham N, Bingham S, et al. Association of hemoglobin A_1c with cardiovascular disease and mortality in adults: the European prospective investigation into cancer in Norfolk. Annals of Internal Medicine, 2004;141:413-420.

Selvin E, Marinopoulis S, Berkenblit G, et al. Meta-analysis: glycosylated hemoglobin and cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus. Annals of Internal Medicine, 2004;141:421-431.

Iribarren C, Go AS, Husson G, et al. Metabolic syndrome and early-onset coronary artery disease: is the whole greater than its parts? Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2006;48:1800-1807.

Galassi A, Reynolds K, He J. Metabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Medicine, 2006 Oct;119:812-819.

Nasri H, Yazdani M. The relationship between serum LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and systolic blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes. Kardiologia Polska, 2006;64:1364-1368.

Kempf K, Rose B, Herder C, et al. Inflammation in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: impact of dietary glucose. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2006;1084:30-48.

Kijak E, Foust G, and Steinman RR. Relationship of blood sugar level and leukocyte phagocytosis. Journal of the Southern California Dental Association, September 1964;32:349-351

Augustin LS, Dal Maso L, La Vecchia C, et al. Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load, and breast cancer risk: a case-control study. Annals of Oncology, 2001;12:1533-1538.

Xu W, Qiu C, Winblad B, et al. The effect of borderline diabetes on the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Diabetes, 2007;56:211-6.

Razay G, Vreugdenhil A, Wilcock G. The metabolic syndrome and Alzheimer disease. Archives of Neurology, 2007;64:93-96.

van den Berg E, Kessels RP, Kappelle LJ, et al. Type 2 diabetes, cognitive function and dementia: vascular and metabolic determinants. Drugs Today, 2006;42:741-54.

Craft S. Insulin resistance syndrome and Alzheimer disease: pathophysiologic mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 2006;20:298-301.

Burdakov D, Lensen LT, Alexopoulos H, et al. Tandem-pore K+ chanels mediate inhibition of orexin neurons by glucose. Neuron, 2006;50:711-722.

Gulliford MC, Latinovic R, Charlton J, et al. Increased incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome up to 10 years before diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2006, 29:1929-1930.

Dronge AS, Perkal MF, Kancir S, et al. Long-term glycemic control and postoperative infectious complications. Archives of Surgery, 2006;141:375-380.

Lev-Ran A. Mitogenic factors accelerate later-age diseases: insulin as a paradigm. Mechanisms of Aging and Development, 1998;102:95-113.

Tirosh A, Shai I, Tekes-Manova D, et al. Normal fasting plasma glucose levels and type 2 diabetes in young men. New England Journal of Medicine, 2005;353:1454-1462.

Love-Osborne K, Butler N, Gao DX, et al. Elevated fasting triglycerides predict impaired glucose tolerance in adolescents at risk for type 2 diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes, 2006;7:205-210.

Yudkin JS, Stehouwer CDA, Emeis JJ, et al. C-reactive protein in healthy subjects: associations with obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction. A potential role for cytokines originating from adipose tissue? Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, 1999;19:72-978.

De Lorenzo A, Del Gobbo V, Premrov MG, et al. Normal-weight obese syndrome: early inflammation? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2007;85:40-45.

Liu S, Manson JE, Buring JE, et al. Relation between a diet with a high glycemic load and plasma concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in middle-aged women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2002;75:492-8.

Selvin E, Paynter NP, Erlinger TP. The effect of weight loss on c-reactive protein. Archives of Internal Medicine, 2007;167:31-39.

Chapter 2

Plotnick GD, Corretti MC, Vogel RA. Effect of antioxidant vitamins on the transient impairment of endothelium-dependent brachial artery vasoactivity follow a single high-fat meal. JAMA, 1997;278:1682-1686.

Nutrition information obtained from www.mcdonalds.com

Nutrition information obtained from www.pizzahut.com

Nutrition information obtained from wwwkrispykreme.com

Anon. Wendy’s ‘biggie’ size to be called medium. Arizona Daily Star (Associated Press), June 10, 2006.

Yanovski JA, Yanovski SZ, Sovik KN, et al. A prospective study of holiday weight gain. New England Journal of Medicine, 2000;342:861-867.

Anon. Extra holiday pounds never leave. Arizona Daily Star (Associated Press), December 14, 2004:A5.

Weintraub M. Liquids make up 22 percent of American diet: study. Reuters Health news service, January 8, 2007.

Malik VS, Schulze MB, Hu FB. Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2006;84:274-288.

Starling S. Pepsi pushes health with brands, acquisitions. Functional Foods & Nutraceuticals, January 2007:7.

www.fuelosophy.com

Deschamps C, Nelson J. Medical Edge from the Mayo Clinic. Arizona Daily Star, August 23, 2006:E2.

Chapter 3

Wang GJ, Yang J, Volkow ND, et al. Gastric stimulation in obese subjects activates the hippocampus and other regions involved in brain reward circuitry. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2006;103:15641-15645.

Brownlee C. Food Fix: Neurobiology highlights similarities between obesity and drug addiction. Science News, 2005;168:155-156.

Ludwig DS. The Glycemic Index. Physiological mechanisms relating to obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. JAMA, 2002;287:2414-2423.

Sorlien LH. Skeletal muscle membrane lipids and insulin resistance. Lipids, 1996;31(suppl):S261-S265.

Hvatum M, Kanerud L, Hallgren R, et al. The gut-jint axis: cross reactive food antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Gut, 2006;55:1240-1247.

Ludwig DS. The Glycemic Index. Physiological mechanisms relating to obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. JAMA, 2002;287:2414-2423.

Anderson C, Horne JA. A high sugar content, low caffeine drink does not alleviate sleepiness but may worsen it. Human Psychopharmacology, 2006;21:299-303.

Pittas AG, Das SK, Hajduk CL, et al. A low-glycemic load diet facilitates greater weight loss in overweight adults with high insulin secretion but not in overweight adults with low insulin secretion in the CALERIE trial. Diabetes Care, 2005;28:2939-2941

Feinman RD, Fine EJ. “A calorie is a calorie” violates the second law of thermodynamics. Nutrition Journal 2004;3:9-13.

Henig RM. Fat Factors. New York Times Magazine, August 13, 2006:30.

Johnston CS. Strategies for healthy weight loss: from vitamin C to the glycemic response. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2005;24:158-165.

Henig RM. Fat Factors. New York Times Magazine, August 13, 2006:30.

Bray G. Reply to NJ Krilanovich. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2004;79:538-539.

United States Census Bureau. 2007 Statistical Abstract of the United States. Table 202.

Havel PJ. Dietary fructose: implications for dysregulation of energy homeostasis and lipid/carbohydrate metabolism. Nutrition Reviews, 2006;63:133-157.

Gross LS, Li L, Ford ES, et al. Increased consumption of refined carbohydrates and the epidemic of type 2 diabetes in the United States: an ecologic assessment. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2004;79:774-779.

Le KA, Faeh D, Stettler R, et al. A 4-wk high-fructose diet alters lipid metabolism without affecting insulin sensitivity or ectopic lipids in healthy humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2006;84:1374-1379.

Bray G. Reply to NJ Krilanovich. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2004;79:538-539.

Teff KL, Elliott SS, Tschop M, et al. Dietary fructose reduces circulation insulin and leptin, attenuated postprandial suppression of ghrelin, and increases triglycerides in women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2004;89:2963-2972.

Elliott SS, Keim NL, Stern JS, et al. Fructose, weight gain, and the insulin resistance syndrome. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2002;76:911-922.

Wu T, Giovannucci E, Pischon T, et al. Fructose, glycemic load, and quantity and quality of carbohydrates in relation to plasma C-peptide concentrations in US women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2004;80:1043-1049.

Odegaard AO, Pereira MA. Trans fatty acids, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. Nutrition Reviews, 2006;64:364-372.

Anon. Trans fats on way out at KFC but others see ‘a recipe for disaster.’ Arizona Daily Star (Associated Press), October 31, 2006:A1.

Costa AG, Bressan J, Sabarense CM. Trans fatty acids: foods and effects on health [Article in Spanish] Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición. 2006 Mar;56(1):12-21.

Hill EG, Johnson SB, Lawson LD, et al. Perturbation of the metabolism of essential fatty acids by dietary partially hydrogenated vegetable oil. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1982;79:953-957.

Kavanagh K, Jones K, Sawyer J, et al. Trans fat diet induces insulin resistance in monkeys. 66^th Scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association, Washington, D.C., June 12, 2006: Abstract 328-OR.

Odegaard AO, Pereira MA. Trans fatty acids, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. Nutrition Reviews, 2006;64:364-372.

Salmeron J, Hu FB, Manson JE, et al. Dietary fat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2001;73: 1019-26.

Kuhnt K, Wagner A, Kraft J, et al. Dietary supplementation with 11 trans- and 12 trans-18:1 and oxidative stress in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2006;84:981-988.

Mazaffarian D, Katan MB, Ascherio A, et al. Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 2006;354:1601-1613.

Sundram K, Karupaiah T, Hayes KC. Stearic acid-rich interesterified fat and tran-rich fat raise the LDL/HDL ratio and plasma glucose relative to palm olein in humans. Nutrition & Metabolism 2007, 4:3 doi:10.1186/1743-7075-4-3

Bell RR, Spencer MJ, Sherriff JL. Voluntary exercise and monounsaturated canola oil reduce fat gain in mice fed diets high in fat. Journal of Nutrition, 1997;127:2006-2010.

Richardson K. Trans fat leads to weight gain even on same total calories, animal study shows. Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center news release, June 12, 2006.

Laux M. Avoid trans-fat monkey business. Naturally Well Today newsletter, September 2006;4:5.

Huang XF, Xin X, McLennan P, et al. Role of fat amount and type in ameliorating diet-induced obesity: insights at the level of hypothalamic arcuate nucleus leptin receptor, neuropeptide Y and pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA expression. Diabetes Obes Metab, 2004;6:35-44.

Delarue J, LeFoll C, Corporeau C, et al. N-3 long chain polyunsautred fatty acids: a nutritional tool to prevent insulin resistance associated t type 2 diabetes and obesity? Reprod Nutr Dev, 2004;44:289-299.

Mori TM, Bao DQ, Burke V, et al. Dietary fish as a major component of a weight-loss diet: effect on serum lipids, glucose, and insulin metabolism in overweight hypertensive subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1999;70:817-825.

Farshchi HR, Taylor MA, Macdonald IA. Deleterious effects of omitting breakfast on insulin sensivitiy and fasting lipid profiles in health lean women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2005;81:388-396.

Liljeberg HGM, Akerberg AKE, Bjorck IME. Effect of the glycemic index and contend of indigestible carbohydrates of cereal-based breakfast meals on glucose tolerance at lunch in healthy subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1999;69:647-655.

Vander Wal JS, Marth JM, Khosla P, et al. Short-term effect of eggs on satiety in overweight and obese subjects. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2005;24:510-515.

Baschetti R. Genetically unknown foods or thrifty genes? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1999;70:420-425.

Cooney CA, Dave AA, Wolff GL. Maternal methyl supplements in mice affect epigenetic variation and DNA methylation of offspring. Journal of Nutrition, 2002;132:2392S-2400S.

Waterland RA, Jirtle RL. Transposable elements: targets for early nutrition effects on epigenetic gene regulation. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 2003;23:5293-5300.

Fraga MF, Ballestar E, Paz MF, et al. Epigenetic differences arise during the lifetime of monozygotic twins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 2005; 102(30): 10604–10609.

Martin GM Epigenetic drift in aging identical twins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 2005;102:10413-10414.

Classen DC, Pestotnik SL, Evans RS, et al. Adverse drug events in hospitalized patients. JAMA, 1997;277:301-306.

Budnitz DS, Pollock DA, Weidenbach KN, et al. National surveillance of emergency department visits for outpatient adverse drug events. JAMA, 2006;296:1858-1866.

Teng RZW, Szeto CC, Chan MHM, et al. Risk factors of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients receiving metformin. Archives of Internal Medicine, 2006;166:1975-1979.

DREAM Trial Investigators. Effect of ramipril on the incidence of diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 2006;2006:355:1551-1562.

Berenson A. Lilly settles with 18,000 over zyprexa. New York Times, January 5, 2007:C!.

Urbina I. In the treatment of diabetes, success often does not pay. New York Times, January 11, 2006:A1.

Chapter 4

Ludwig DS. The Glycemic Index. Physiological mechanisms relating to obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. JAMA, 2002;287:2414-2423.

In a personal conversation, Dr. Atkins told Jack that his original high-protein diet emphasized chicken, turkey, and fish. But he found that patients, on their own, ate beef and pork and lost weight. Atkins realized, at least back then, that beef and pork were more popular and palatable foods for dieters.

Gannon MC, Nutthall JA, Damberg G, et al. Effect of protein ingestion on the glucose appearance rate in people with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2001;96:1040-1047.

Layman DK, Baum JI. Dietary protein impact on glycemic control during weight loss. Journal of Nutrition, 2004;134:968S-973S.

Borzoel S, Neovius M, Barkeling B, et al. A comparison of effects of fish and beef protein on satiety in normal weight men. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2006;60:897-902.

Layman DK, Baum JI. Dietary protein impact on glycemic control during weight loss. Journal of Nutrition, 2004;134:968S-973S.

Johnston CS. Strategies for healthy weight loss: frpm vitamin C to the glycemic response. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2005;24:158-165,

Layman DK, Baum JI. Dietary protein impact on glycemic control during weight loss. Journal of Nutrition, 2004;134:968S-973S.

Manninen AH. Very-low-carbohydrate diets and preservation of muscle mass. Nutrition and Metabolism, 2006;3:9-12.

Weigle DS, Breen PA, Matthys CC, et al. A high-protein diet induces sustained reductions in appetite, ad libitum caloric intake, and body weight despite compensatory changes in diurnal plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2005;82:41-48

Gannon MC, Nuttall FQ. Effect of a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet on blood glucose control in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, 2004;53:2375-2382.

Layman DK, Evans E, Baum JI, et al. Dietary protein and exercise have additive effects on body composition during weight loss in adult women. Journal of Nutrition, 2005;135:1903-1910.

Shiue HJ, Sather C, Layman DK. Reduced carbohydrate/protein ratio enhances metabolic changes associated with weight loss diet. Poster presentation, annual meeting of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, Orland, Florida, April 2001.

Halton TL, Willett WC, Liu S, et al. Low-carbohydrate-diet score and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. New England Journal of Medicine, 2006;355:1991-2002.

Behall KM, Scholfield DJ, Hallfrisch JG, et al. Consumption of both resistant starch and beta-glucan improves postprandial plasma glucose and insulin in women. Diabetes Care, 2006;29:976-981.

Liese AD, Schulz M, Fang F, et al. Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load, carbohydrate and fiber intake, and measures of insulin sensitivity, secretion, and adiposity in the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study. Diabetes Care, 2005;28:2832-2838.

Hodge AM, English DR, O’Dea K, et al. Glycemic index and dietary fiber and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2004;27:2701-2706.

Chandalia M, Garg A, Lutjohann D, et al. Beneficial effects of high dietary fiber intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. New England Journal of Medicine, 2000;342:1392-8.

Ogawa N, Satsu H, Watanabe H, et al. Acetic acid suppresses the increase in disaccharidase activity that occurs during culture of caco-2 cells. Journal of Nutrition, 2000;130:507-513.

Fushimi T, Tayama K, Fukaya M, et al. Acetic acid feeding enhances glycogen repletion in liver and skeletal muscle of rats. Journal of Nutrition, 2001;131:1973-1977.

Johnston CS, Kim CM, Buller AJ. Vinegar improves insulin sensitivity to a high-carbohydrate meal in subjects with insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2004;27:281-282.

Leeman M, Ostman E, Bjorck I. Vinegar dressing and cold storage of potatoes lowers postprandial glycaemic andinsulinaemic responses in healthy subjects. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2005: epublication ahead of print.

Ostman E, Granfeldt Y, Persson L, et al. Vinegar supplementation lowers glucose and insulin responses and increases satiety after a bread meal in healthy subjects. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2005;59;983-988.

Johnston CS. Strategies for healthy weight loss: from vitamin C to the glycemic response. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2005;24:158-165.

Fujioka K, Greenway F, Sheard J, et al. The effects of grapefruit on weight and insulin resistance: relationship to the metabolic syndrome. Journal of Medicinal Food, 2006;9:49-54.

Johnston CS, Buller AJ. Vinegar and peanut products as complementary foods to reduce postprandial glycemia. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 2005;105:1939-1942.

Ahuga KDK, Robertson IK, Geraghty DP, et al Effects of chili consumption on postprandial glucose, insulin, and energy metabolism. American Journal of Clincial Nutrition, 2006;84:63-69.

Khan A, Safdar M, Khan MMA, et al. Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2003;26:3215-3218.

Chapter 5

Vander Wal JS, Marth JM, Khosla P, et al. Short-term effect of eggs on satiety in overweight and obese subjects. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2005;24:510-515.

Harding A. Eating slowly really does make people eat less. Reuters Health, December 1, 2006.

Barry M. The challenges of portion control. HeartBeat, August 16, 2006.

Wansink B, Chandon P. Meal size, not body size, explains errors in estimating the calorie contents of meals. Annals of Internal Medicine, 2006;145:326-332.

Richardson J, Snacking our way through the day: food culture in America. HartBeat, August 5, 2004.

Jenkins DJ, Kendal CW, Josse AR, et al. Almonds decrease postprandial glycemia, insulinemia, and oxidative damage in healthy individuals. Journal of Nutrition, 2006;136:2987-2992.

David DR, Epp MD, Riordan HD. Changes in USDA Food Composition Data for 43 Garden Crops, 1950 to 1999. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2004; 23:669–682

Seiquer I, Diaz-Alguacil J, Delgado-Andrade C, et al. Diets rich in Maillard reaction products affect protein digestibility in adolescent males aged 11-14 y. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2006;83:1082-1088.

Delarus J, DeFoll C, Corporeau C, et al. N-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: a nutritional tool to prevent insulin resistance associated to type 2 diabetes and obesity? Reprod Nutr Dev, 2004;44:289-299.

Chapter 6

Martin A. The package may say healthy, but this grocer begs to differ. New York Times, November 6, 2006:A1.

Rothman RL, Housam R, Weiss H, Davis D, Gregory R, Gebretsadik T, Shintani A, Elasy TA. Patient Understanding of Food Labels The Role of Literacy and Numeracy. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2006;31:391-398.

The products identified in this chapter come primarily from research at Tucson-area supermarkets and natural food stores in September 2006.

Sebastian A, Frassetto LA, Morris RC. The acid-base effects of the contemporary Western diet: an evolutionary perspective. Eds: Alpern RJ and Heber SC, in The Kidney: Physiology and Pathophysiology, 9^th edition. In press.

Richardson K. Trans fat leads to weight gain even on same total calories, animal study shows. Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center news release, June 12, 2006.

Bell RR, Spencer MJ, Sherriff JL. Voluntary exercise and monounsaturated canola oil reduce fat gain in mice fed diets high in fat. Journal of Nutrition, 1997;127:2006-2010.

Laux M. Avoid trans-fat monkey business. Naturally Well Today newsletter, September 2006;4:5.

Salmeron J, Hu FB, Manson JE, et al. Dietary fat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2001;73: 1019-26.

Wansink B. Mindless Eating: Why We Eat More than We Think. New York: Bantam, 2006.

Chapter 9

DeCastro JM. Eating behavior: lessons from the real world of humans. Ingestive Behavior and Obesity, 2000;16:800-813.

DeCastro JM. Family and friends produce greater social facilitation of food-intake than other companions. Physiology and Behavior, 1994;56:445-455.

Duffey KJ, Gordon-Larsen P, Jacobs DR, et al. Differential associations of fast food and restaurant food consumption with 3-y change in body mass index: the coronary arter risk development in young adults study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2007;85:201-208.

Marchione M. Most chefs don’t heed calories, study finds. Arizona Daily Star (Associated Press), October 22, 2006:A3.

Chapter 10

Fumeron F, Tichet J, Pean F, et al. Ferritin and transferring are both predictive of the onset of hyperglycemia in men and women over 3 years — the data from an epidemiological study on the insulin resistance syndrome (DESIR) study. Diabetes Care, 2006;29:2090-2094

Rajpathak S, Ma J, Manson J, et al. Iron intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes in women: a prospective cohort study. Diabetes Care, 2006;29:1370-1376.

Kim MS, Park JY, Namkoong C, et al. Anti-obesity effects of a-lipoic acid mediated by suppression of hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase. Nature Medicine, 2004;10:727-733.

Packer L, Kraemer K, Rimbach G. Molecular aspects of lipoic acid in the prevention of diabetes complications. Nutrition, 2001;17:888-895.

Packer paper

Martin J, Wang ZQ, Zhang XH, et al. Chromium picolinate supplementation attenuates body weight gain and increases insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2006;29:1826-1832.

Costa AG, Bressan J, Sabarense CM. Trans fatty acids: foods and effects on health [Article in Spanish] Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición. 2006;56:12-21.

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Cigolini M, Iagulli MP, Miconi V, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations and prevalent of cardiovascular disease among type 2 diabeteic patients. Diabetes Care, 2006;29:722-724.

Bischof MG, Heinze G, Vierhapper H. Vitamin D status and its relation to age and body mass index. Hormone Research, 2006;66:211-215.

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Gannon MC, Nuttall JA, Nuttall FQ. The metabolic response to ingested glycine. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2002;76:1302-1307.

Kilic-Okman T, Kucuk M. N-acetylcysteine treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 2004;85:296-297.

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Verma S, Cam MC, and McNeill JH.Nutritional factors that can favorably influence the glucose/insulin system: vanadium. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 1998;1:11-18.

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Koopman R, Verdijk L, Manders RJ, et al. Co-ingestion of protein and leucine stimulates muscle protein synthesis rates to the same extent in young and elderly lean men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2006;84:623-32.

Chapter 11

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Lamarche B, Tchernof A, Mauriege P, et al. Fasting insulin and apolipoprotein B levels and low-density lipoprotein particle size as risk factors for ischemic heart disease. JAMA, 1998;279;24:1955-1961.

Griffin MD, Sanders TAB, Davies IG, et al. Effects of altering the ratio of dietary n-6 to n-3 fatty acids on insulin sensitivity, lipoprotein size, and postprandial lipemia in men and postmenopausal women aged 45-70 y: the OPTILIP study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2006;84:1290-1298.

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Virmani R, Burke AP, Farb A, Kolodgie FD. Pathology of the vulnerable plaque. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2006;47(8 Suppl):C13-8.

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Lev-Ran A, “Mitogenic factors accelerate later-age diseases: insulin as a paradigm,” Mechanisms of Aging and Development, 1998;102:95-113.

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Kilic-Okman T, Kucuk M. N-acetylcysteine treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 2004;85:296-297.

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Naegele B, Launois SH, Mazza S, et al. Which memory processes are affected in patients with obstructive sleep apnea? An evaluation of 3 types of memory. Sleep, 2006;29:533-544.

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Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA, et al. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature, 2006;444:1027-1031.

Chapter 12

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Layman DK, Evans E, Baum JI, et al. Dietary protein and exercise have additive effects on body composition during weight loss in adult women. Journal of Nutrition, 2005;135:1903-1910.

Hasson RE, Freedson PS, Braun B. Post exercise insulin action in African-American women. Journal of the National Medical Association, 2006;98:1832-1839.

O’Neil J. For muscles, it’s all downhill. New York Times, September 7, 2004;D6.

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Lowry V. Work out now, ache later: how your muscles pay you back. New York Times, November 16, 2004:D5.

Rennie MJ. A role for leucine in rejuvenating the anabolic effects of food in old rats. Journal of Physiology, 2005;569:357.